Site Database

North America

Site #	Site Name	Site Age radiocarbon age unless otherwise noted	Location	Reference
1	El Horno- Valsequillo	280,000 ^230 Th	Mexico	Steen-McIntire et al. 1981 Szabo et al. 1969
2	Hueyatlaco- Valsequillo	245,000 +/- 40,000 230Th/234U	Mexico	Steen-McIntire et al. 1981 Szabo et al. 1969
3	El Mirador- Valsequillo	Cultural level stratigraphically below Hueyatlaco	Mexico	Irwin-Williams 1978
4	Texacaxco -Valsequillo	200,000 230Th/234U	Mexico	Camacho 1978
5	Calico	200,000 230Th/234U	CA	Bischoff et al. 1981
6	Cerutti Site	130,700 ± 9.4 ^230Th	CA	Holen et al. 2017
7	Old Crow	42,000 ± 1,200; 25,000; 120,000 Fission Track 118 +8 – 7,230Th/234U	YK	Bryan 1986 Bryan 1987
8	Pendejo Cave	55,000 38,820 14,875	NM	MacNeish & Liddy 2003 Adovasio & Peddler 2016
9	Topper	54,000 - 14,800	SC	Adovasio & Peddler 2016
10	Schulz	39,350 +/- 770	SD	Holen & Holen 2014
11	Toluquilla	38,000 +/- 8,570 OSL	Mexico	Gonzalez et al. 2006
12	Santa Rosa Island Woolly Mammoth	37,000	CA	Orr & Berger 1966
13	Bonnet Plume	36,900 ± 300	YT	Hughes et al. 1981
14	Miami Mastodon	35,900 +/- 900 35,773 +/- 251 34,000 +/- 1,600 (IRSL)	MO	Hamilton 1996 Holen & Holen 2014 Early et al. 2003
15	Frye	35,000 – 40,000 Stratigraphic	IL	Munson & Frye 1965
16	New Nebraska	33,590 +/- 450	NE	Holen & Holen 2014
17	Villa Grove	33,405 +/- 340	CO	Holen & Holen 2014
18	Rancho La Amapola	33,300 +/- 2,700	Mexico	Lorenzo & Mirambell 1986
19	Miles Point	27,240 ± 230; 21,490 ± 140	MD	Lowery et al. 2010
20	Caulapan	30,600 +/- 1,000 21,850 +/- 850	Mexico	Szabo et al. 1969
21	Jack Wade Creek	29,700 +/- 240	AK	Morlan & Cinq Mars 1982
22	Burnham	26,000	OK	Wycoff 1990
23	Oyster Cove	25,800 +/- 120; 18,000	MD	Wah et al. 2014
24	Bluefish Caves II	19,650 ± 130	YT	Adovasio & Peddler 2016
25	Tlapacoya	24,000 +/- 4,000	Mexico	Mirambell 1978, 1980
26	Dawson Hunter Creek	23,900 +/- 470	YT	Bonnichsen 1979 Harington 1975
27	Cinmar (Not in Situ)	22,760 +/- 90	VA	Stanford & Bradley 2012
28	Wakula Springs Lodge	22,500 – 11,600 18,000 +/- 4,500 OSL	FL	Rink et al. 2012
29	Cators Cave	22,050 +/- 100	MD	Wah et al. 2014
30	Meadowcroft Rockshelter	21,980 – 17,250 Hearths 26,210 – 21,090 Possible cultural origin	PA	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
31	North Paw Paw Cove	21,116 +/- 251	MD	Lowery et al. 2010
32	Varsity Estates	21,000 15,000 – 13,000	Alberta	Chlachula 1994 Gruhn & Bryan 2007
33	El Tunel	21,000 – 11,000	Mexico	Gonzalez et al. 2006
34	El Toro	21,000 – 11,000	Mexico	Gonzalez et al. 2006
35	Coopertown	21,000 – 17,000	OK	Anderson 1975
36	Lovewell II	19,570 +/- 60	KS	Holen & Holen 2014
37	Petronila Creek	18,560 +/- 280	TX	Lewis 2009
38	Gault Site	18,500 +/- 1,500 OSL	TX	Williams et al. 2018
39	Cactus Hill	21,930 - 18,490; 18,530 - 18,080	VA	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
40	La Sena	18,440 +/- 90	NE	Holen & Holen 2014
41	Los Rayez La Paz	18,200 ± 160	Mexico	Cook 1974 Cook 1975
42	Crane Point	15,590 ± 60; 21,490 ± 140 Tilghman soil	MD	Lowery et al. 2010
43	Parsons Island	23,149 ± 267 cal BP	MD	Lothrop et al. 2016
44	Hamburger	16,480 +/- 60	KS	Holen & Holen 2012
45	Selby	16,330 +/- 320	CO	Holen & Holen 2012
46	Dutton	16,330 +/- 320	CO	Holen & Holen 2012
47	Santa Isabel Iztapan	16,000 11,003 +/- 500	Mexico	Hester 1960
48	Broken Mammoth	15,830 +/- 70	AK	Hamilton & Goebel 2005
49	Rimrock Draw Rockshelter	15,800	OR	Henderson 2016
50	Shaffert	15,600 +/- 60	NE	Holen & May 2002
51	Debra Friedkin Site	15,500 – 13,200 OSL	TX	Jennings & Waters 2014
52	Jensen	14,830 ± 220	NB	Holen & Holen 2014
53	False Cougar Cave	14,590 +/- 300	MT	Bonnichsen et al. 1986
54	Saltville	14,510 +/- 80	VA	McDonald 2000
55	Wilson Butte Cave	14,500 +/- 500	ID	Gruhn 1965, 1961
56	Lucy	14,300 +/- 650	NM	Agenbroad 2005
57	Smith Creek Cave	14,220 +/- 650 9,280 +/- 160	NV	Goebel 2007
58	Heiltsuk Nation Territory	14,500 – 13,400 cal yr BP (also supported by oral tr)	BC	Jodry & Santoro 2017
59	Levi Site Clovis & Pre-Clovis	13,750 +/- 410	TX	Alexander 1982
60	Mud Lake (Not in Situ)	13,530 +/- 50	WI	Overstreet & Kolb 2003
61	Fenske (Not in Situ)	13,510 ± 50	WI	Overstreet and Kolb 2003
62	Little Salt Springs	13,450 ± 190	FL	Clausen et al. 1979
63	Coopers Ferry	16,560 - 15,280 cal BP	ID	Davis et al. 2019
64	Fort Rock Cave	13,200 +/- 720	OR	Bedwell 1973
65	Lamb Springs	13,140 +/- 1,000	CO	Dixon 1999
66	Hermits Cave	12,900 ± 300	NM	Rubin & Alexander 1958
67	McMinnville	12,890 +/- 70	OR	Stenger 2012
68	Coats Hines	12,869 +/- 60 OCR	TN	Deter-Wolf et al. 2011
69	Shriver	12,855 +/- 1,500 Thermoluminesent analysis	MO	Reagan et al. 1978
70	Shoop	12,750	PA	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
71	Kanorado	12,670 +/- 35	KS	Holen & Holen 2012
72	Johnson	12,660 +/- 970	TN	Barker et al. 1996
73	Lubbock Lake	12,650 +/- 250	TX	Holliday et al. 1983
74	Burning Tree	12,620 ± 90	OH	Haynes 2015
75	Hebior	15,170 - 14,670	WI	Adovasio & Peddler 2016
76	Dutchess Quarry Cave	12,580 +/- 370	NY	Kopper et al. 1980
77	Page Ladson	12,450 +/- 40; 14,550 cal yr BP	FL	Collins et al. 2013 Halligan et al. 2016
78	Schaefer	15,150-14,630	WI	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
79	Bonfire Shelter	12,430 - 11,330	TX	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
80	Paisley Caves	Cave 5 - 14,850 - 14,110; Cave 2 - 13,560 - 13,380	OR	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
81	Cloudsplitter Rockshelter	12,360 +/- 400	KT	Cowan et al. 1981
82	Lindsay Site	12,330 +/- 50	MT	Agenbroad 2005
83	Bonneville Estates	12,390 +/- 40	NV	Goebel 2007
84	Swan Point	14,490 - 14,050	AK	Adovasio & Pedler 2016
85	Eppley Rock Shelter	10,743	OH	Steele 2010
86	Vero Beach	12,130 +/- 70	FL	Agenbroad 2005
87	Manis	13,860-13,763 cal BP	WA	Dixon 1999
88	Lehner	13,770 - 13,560	AZ	Adovasio & Peddler 2016
89	Chesrow	12,000 – 10,000	WI	Overstreet 1993
90	Sands Blackstone	11,990 +/- 60	MA	Leveillee 2016
91	Cougar Mountain Cave II	11,950 +/- 350	OR	Bedwell 1973
92	Agate Basin	11,840 +/- 130	WY	Agenbroad 2005
93	Nogahabara	11,815 +/- 70	AK	Holmes et al. 2008
94	Ayer Pond Orcas Island	11,760 +/- 70; 13,850 cal BP	WA	Kenady et al. 2010
95	Firelands Ground Sloth	11,770 +/- 35; 13,550 cal BP	OH	Redmond et al. 2012
96	Moose Creek	11,730 +/- 250	AK	Powers & Hoffecker 1989
97	Perry Mastodon	11,700 +/- 60 13,640 - 13,450 cal BP	IL	Neïburger 2011
98	Mesa	11,700 - 9,700	AK	Kunz & Reanier 1995
99	Eve of Naharon	11,670 +/- 60	Mexico	González et al. 2008
100	Jaguar Cave	11,580 +/- 250	ID	Plew et al. 1982
101	Mill Iron	11,570 +/- 170	MT	Agenbroad 2005
102	Aubrey	11,565	TX	Haynes 2015
103	Union Pacific Mammoth Site	11,560 +/- 60	WY	Haynes et al. 2013
104	Danger Cave	11,453 +/- 600	UT	Jennings 1957
105	Miami Site	11,415 +/- 125	TX	Holiday at al. 1994
106	Healy Lake Village	11,410 – 11,090	AK	Hamilton & Gobel 2005
107	Lamb Site	11,400 +/- 100	NY	Gramly 1999
108	State Road Ripple	11,385 +/- 140	PA	Goreczny 2017
109	Walker Road	11,330 +/- 80	AK	Hamilton & Goebel 2005
110	Whally Beach	11,350 +/- 80	AB	Kooyman et al. 2001
111	Owl Ridge	11,300	AK	Hamilton & Goebel 2005

Bibliography. North America Archaeology Sites

Adovasio, J. M., & Pedler, D. (2016). Strangers in a new land: what archaeology reveals about the first Americans. Adovasio, Richmond Hill. Firefly Books.

Agenbroad, L. D. (2005). North American proboscideans: Mammoths: The state of knowledge, 2003. Quaternary International, 126, 73-92.

Alexander, Herbert. L. (1982). “The Pre-Clovis and Clovis Occupation at the Levi Site.” In Peopling of the New World, edited by Erickson, Jonathan E., , R.E., and Rainer, Berger. Los Altos, CA: Ballena Press.

Anderson, A. D.(1975). The Coopertown Mammoth: An Early Man Bone Quarry. Great Plains Journal, 14, no. 2, 140-173.

Barker, Gary., & Broster, John. B. (1996). “The Johnson Site (40Dv400): A Dated Paleoindian and Archaic Occupation in Tennessee’s Central Basin.” Journal of Alabama Archaeology, 42, no. 2, 97-1, 53.

Bedwell, S. F. (1973). Fort Rock Basin: prehistory and environment. University of Oregon Press.

Bischoff, J. L., Shlemon, R. J., Ku, T. L., Simpson, R. D., Rosenbauer, R. J., & Budinger Jr, F. E. (1981). Uranium-series and soil-geomorphic dating of the Calico archaeological site, California. Geology, 9(12), 576-582.

Bonnichsen, R. (1979). Pleistocene bone technology in the Beringian Refugium. Musée National de l'Homme. Collection Mercure. Commission Archéologique du Canada. Publications d'Archéologie. Dossier Ottawa, (89), 1-280.

Bonnichsen, R., Graham, R. W., Geppert, T., Oliver, J. S., Oliver, S. G., Schnurrenberger, D., . . Young, D. E. (1986). False Cougar and Shield Trap Caves, Pryor Mountains, Montana. National Geographic Research,2(3), 276-290.

Bryan, A. L. (1986). New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Center for the Study of the First Americans.

Camacho, J. A. (1978). Vestigios de labor humana en huesos de animales extintos de Valsequillo, Puebla, México. Gobierno del Estado de Puebla.

Chlachula, J. (1994). Varsity Estates–a Palaeo-American Site in southwestern Alberta, Canada (1990–1992 investigations). Anthropologie (1962-), 101-127.


Clausen, C. J., Cohen, A. D., Emiliani, C., Holman, J. A., & Stipp, J. J. (1979). Little Salt Spring, Florida: a unique underwater site. Science, 203(4381), 609-614.

Collins, M. B., Stanford, D. J., Lowery, D. L., & Bradley, B. A. (2013). North America before Clovis: variance in temporal/spatial cultural patterns, 27,000–13,000 cal yr BP. Paleoamerican odyssey, 521-39.

Cook, A. G. (1975). Dos artefactos de hueso en asociación con restos pleistocénicos en Los Reyes La Paz, México. In Anales del Museo Nacional de México (No. 4, pp. 237-250). Museo Nacional de México.

Cook, Á. G. (1975). Dos artefactos de hueso en asociación con restos pleistocénicos en Los Reyes La Paz, México. In Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 237-250).

Cowan, C. W., Jackson, H. E., Moore, K., Nickelhoff, A., & Smart, T. L. (1981). The Cloudsplitter Rockshelter, Menifee County, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report. In Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin, (Vol. 24, pp. 60-76).

Davis, L. G., Madsen, D. B., Becerra-Valdivia, L., Higham, T., Sisson, D. A., Skinner, S. M., ... & Cheyney, M. (2019). Late Upper Paleolithic occupation at Cooper’s Ferry, Idaho, USA,~ 16,000 years ago. Science, 365(6456), 891-897.

Deter-Wolf, Aaron., Tune, Jesse W., and John B. Broster. (2011). "Excavations and Dating of Late Pleistocene and Paleoindian Deposits at the Coats-Hinds Site, Williamson County, Tennessee". Tennessee Archaeology, 5, no. 2, 142–156.

Dixon, E. J. (1999). Bones, boats & bison: archeology and the first colonization of western North America. UNM Press.

Early, A., J. Feathers, R. Dunnell, and M. O’Brien 2003 Luminescence Dating the Miami Mastodon. Poster paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of Society for American Archaeology, Milwaukee.


Goebel, T. (2007). “Pre-Archaic and Early Archaic Technological Activities at Bonneville Estates Rockshelter: A First Look at the Lithic Artifact Record. Paleoindian or Paleoarchaic.

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Goreczny, A. (2017). Uncovering the Middle Archaic in Pennsylvania: Studies from State Road Ripple Site (36CL0052).

Gramly, R. M. (1999). The Lamb site: a pioneering Clovis encampment. Persimmon Press.

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Gruhn, & Bryan (2007). A Revised Chronology for the Varsity Estates Site, Calgary, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal Canadien d'Archéologie, 79-102.

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Hamilton, T. D., & Goebel, T. (2005). Late Pleistocene Peopling of Alaska. Ice Age Peoples of North America,49-79.

Hamilton, T. M. (1996). The Miami mastodon, 23SA212. The Missouri Archaeologist, 54, 79-88.

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South America

Site #	Site Name	Site Age radiocarbon age unless otherwise noted	Location	Reference
1	Toca da Esperança	295,000 +/- 780 (geological) 200,000 – 300,000 230Th/234U	Brazil	Beltrao et al. 1987 Dillehay 2000
2	Monte Verde I	33,370 +/- 530	Chile	Dillehay 2000
3	Pedra Furada	55,575 +/- 5,865; 31,700 +/- 830; 29,860 +/- 650	Brazil	Guidon & Delibrias 1986 Parenti et al. 1999
4	Vale da Pedra Furada	35,000 - 27,000; 29 820 +/- 310	Brazil	Boëda et al. 2016
5	Arroyo del Vizcaíno	27+0.45 – 30.1+0.6	Uruguay	Fariña et al. 2014
6	Santa Elina	27,000 +/- 2,000 230Th/234U 25,000 OSL	Brazil	Vialou et al. 2017 Vialou 2003
7	Toca de Sitio do Meio	28,100 -28,600; 25,110 +/- 180; 13,900 +/- 300	Brazil	Boëda et al.2016 Parenti et al. 1999 Guidon & Delibrias 1986
8	Atuel	23,490 13,100	Argentina	Gonzales & Lagiglia 1973 MacNeish 1978
9	Toca de Tira Peia	20,000 +/- 1,500	Brazil	Lahaye et al. 2013
10	Morro Furado	21,090 +/- 420	Brazil	Schmitz 1987
11	Pikimachay	25,000 - 11,000	Peru	MacNeish 1971
12	Caldeirão de Rodrigues	18,600 +/- 600; 17,000 +/- 400	Brazil	Guidon & Delibrias 1986 Dillehay 2000
13	Pubenza	17,790 +/- 120 16,400	Colombia	Dillehay 2000
14	Muaco	16,375 +/- 400	Venezuela	Rouse & Cruxent 1963 Gnecco & Aceituno 2006
15	Chinchihuapi 1	16,880 ± 92	Chile	Dillehay et al. 2019
16	Alice Boer	14,200 +/- 1,150	Brazil	Beltrao et al. 1983 1974
17	Rancho Peludo	13,915 +/- 200	Venezuela	Gnecco & Aceituno 2006
18	LT Ji-Paran -Rolim de Moura	13,720 +/- 160	Brazil	Meggers & Miller 2003
19	LT Brazil	13,660 +/- 430	Venezuela	Meggers & Miller 2003
20	Quebrada El Membrillo	13,500 +/- 65	Chile	Jackson et al. 2004
21	Huargo Cave	13,460 +/- 700	Peru	Cardich 1973 1978 Cardich & Izeta 1999
22	Cueva Cacao	13,300	Argentina	Aschero et al. 2013
23	Sueva	11,740 +/- 110	Colombia	Urrego 1981 Dillehay 2000
24	Tequendama	12,500 – 10,100	Colombia	Dillehay 2000 Urrego & Van der Hammen 1977
25	El Jordán	12,910 +/- 60	Colombia	Salgado 1998
26	Piedra Museo AEP-1 El Puesto Rockshelter	12,890 +/- 90	Argentina	Miotti & Salemme 1998
27	Taima-taima	12,890 +/- 85 14,200 +/- 300	Venezuela	Bryan & Gruhn 1976 Bryan et al. 1978
28	Complejo Paiján	12,845 +/- 280	Peru	Ossa 1978 Dillehay 2000
29	Quirihuac	12,745 +/- 350	Peru	Ossa 1978 Dillehay 2000
30	Monte Verde II	12,780 +/- 240 18,500 – 14,500 cal BP	Chile	Dillehay & Pino 1997 Dillehay et al. 2015
31	RS 1 50	12,770 +/- 220	Brazil	Miller 1987 Dillehay 2000
32	Santana do Riacho	12,760 +/- 70 11,960 +/- 250 Human bone collagen	Brazil	Prous 1986 Prous 1981
33	RS Q-2	12,690 +/- 100	Brazil	Miller 1987 Dillehay 2000
34	Huaca Prieta	14,500	Peru	Dillehay et al. 2017
35	Los Toldos	12,600 +/- 600	Argentina	Cardich et al. 1973 1978
36	Guitarrero Cave	12,560 +/- 360	Peru	Lynch 1980 Dillehay 2000
37	El Ceibo	12,600	Argentina	Cardich 1987
38	El Abra II	12,400 +/- 160	Colombia	Urrego 1986 Dillehay 2000
39	Cueva del Medio	12,390 +/- 180 ->10,500	Chile	Borrero 1996 1999
40	La Cumbre	12,360 +/- 700	Peru	Ossa 1978
41	Garrincho	12,210 +/- 40	Brazil	Guidon et al. 2000 Peyre et al. 2009
42	Arroyo Seco Sitio 2	12,170 – 11 180	Argentina	Politis et al. 2016
43	Lapa do Boquete	12,070 +/- 170	Brazil	Prous 1996 Dillehay 2000
44	Quereo 1	12,000 +/- 195	Chile	Nūñez et al. 1983 Dillehay 2000
45	Lapa Morturia	12,000 – 11,000	Brazil	Neves & Hubbe 2005
46	Tres Arroyos	11,880 +/- 250	Argentina	Coronato et al. 1999 Borrero 1999
47	Pachamachay	11,800 +/- 930	Peru	Rick 1980 Dillehay 2000
48	Telarmachay	12,040 +/- 120	Peru	Dillehay 2000
49	Tibito	11,740 +/- 110	Colombia	Urrego 1981
50	Urupez	11,690 +/- 80	Uruguay	Meneghin 2006
51	Lapa Vermelha	11,960; 15,300; 25,000	Brazil	Laming-Emperaire 1979
52	El Palto	11,650	Peru	Dillehay 1992
53	Cuevo Sofia 1	11,570 +/- 60	South Andes	Borrero 1999
54	Cerro Tres Tetas	11,560 +/- 140	Argentina	Paunero 2003
55	RS-168	11,555 +/- 230	Brazil	Miller 1987 Dillehay 2000
56	Tagua – tagua II	11,380 +/- 320	Chile	Montane 1968
57	El Tigre	11,355 +/- 30	Uruguay	Suárez et al. 2018
58	San José	11,248	Ecuador	Dillehay 2000

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